Rock Identifier
Carnelian (SiO2 (variety of chalcedony quartz)) — gemstone
gemstone

Carnelian

SiO2 (variety of chalcedony quartz)

Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-orange, or red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline quartz). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.

Hardness
6
Color
Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-orange, or red
Luster
Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-orange, or red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline quartz). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed in silica-rich groundwater solutions depositing within cavities of pre-existing rocks, often volcanic or sedimentary, typically over millions of years.

Uses & applications

Widely used in jewelry such as rings, necklaces, and beads, as well as for carved cameos and talismans since ancient times.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt and Rome, often used to create signet rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it easily. It was also believed to promote courage and vitality.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive orange-to-red translucent body and waxy luster. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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