mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Chert/Chalcedony variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-transparent to translucent
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 5, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments where silica-rich groundwater deposits microcrystalline quartz in gas cavities (vesicles) of volcanic rocks (basalts) or within sedimentary rock layers. Its color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Extensively used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, rings), ornamental carvings, seals, and as tumbled stones for collectors and spiritual use.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian 'the setting sun' and buried it with the dead to assist in the afterlife journey. It was also historicaly used for seals because wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive translucency combined with a 'flesh' like reddish-orange hue and waxy luster. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Look for it in river gravels near volcanic areas.

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