mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary rocks as groundwater rich in silica deposits minerals in cavities and veins. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in ancient geological layers across various ages.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (cabochons, beads, rings), decorative ornaments, stone carvings, and as a popular collectible for enthusiasts of tumble-polished stones.
Geological facts
In ancient times, carnelian was believed to protect the wearer from bad luck and was used by Egyptian pharaohs in seals and amulets. It is one of the oldest gemstones used by humans, dating back to at least the Neolithic period.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange body color and waxy luster when polished. It lacks the banding typically seen in agate. To find it in the field, look in gravel beds or volcanic regions in India, Brazil, and Uruguay.
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