mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (SiO2 variant)
Hardness: 6.5-7. Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64. Cleavage: None.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Reddish-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7. Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64. Cleavage: None.
Formation & geological history
Forms as a silica-rich precipitate filling cavities in volcanic rocks (geodes) or in sedimentary environments. Its color is derived from iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, signet rings) and lapidary arts. Historically used for seals because wax does not stick to it.
Geological facts
Ancient Egyptians called carnelian the 'setting sun.' It was historically associated with vitality and courageous action.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent reddish-orange color and conchoidal fracture. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.
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