mineral
Citrine Quartz
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron impurities
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale); Color: Pale yellow to brownish orange; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.65
- Hardness
- 7 (Mohs scale)
- Color
- Pale yellow to brownish orange
- Luster
- Vitreous (glassy)
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Physical properties
Hardness: 7 (Mohs scale); Color: Pale yellow to brownish orange; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.65
Formation & geological history
Formed in igneous or metamorphic environments when amethyst or smoky quartz is subjected to natural geothermal heat or secondary hydrothermal processes. Natural citrine is rare compared to heat-treated varieties.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (rings, pendants), as a decorative healing crystal in the metaphysical community, and as a popular specimen for mineral collectors.
Geological facts
Known as the 'Merchant's Stone' in folklore for its association with prosperity. Most citrine on the market is actually heat-treated amethyst, which takes on a bright orange hue when baked.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its hardness (will scratch glass but not topaz) and lack of cleavage. Natural citrine is often found in Brazil, Madagascar, and the Ural Mountains of Russia.
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