Anthropogenic Sedimentary (Man-made)
Concrete
Hydrated Portland Cement Aggregate Composite
Hardness: 3-7 on Mohs scale (variable based on aggregate); Color: Gray to light gray; Luster: Dull/Matte; Structure: Granular composite; Cleavage: None/Irregular fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.3 - 2.5
- Hardness
- 3-7 on Mohs scale (variable based on aggregate)
- Color
- Gray to light gray
- Luster
- Dull/Matte
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3-7 on Mohs scale (variable based on aggregate); Color: Gray to light gray; Luster: Dull/Matte; Structure: Granular composite; Cleavage: None/Irregular fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.3 - 2.5
Formation & geological history
Formed through a chemical process called hydration where Portland cement (calcined limestone and clay) reacts with water to bind mineral aggregates (sand, gravel, or crushed stone); originated in modern form in the 19th century.
Uses & applications
Primary material for global infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, sidewalks, roads, and dams.
Geological facts
Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth. The Romans used a form of volcanic ash concrete that has lasted for over 2,000 years, such as in the Pantheon dome.
Field identification & locations
Identified in the field by its uniform gray color, presence of visible sand/gravel grains, and brush marks or mold impressions; found universally in urban environments.
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Mineral equivalent / Metal Alloy