Diamond (Princess Cut Gemstone)

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale), Color: Colorless (in this specimen), Luster: Adamantine, Crystal Structure: Isometric-Hexoctahedral, Cleavage: Octahedral (perfect in four directions), Specific Gravity: 3.51-3.53

Formed under extreme pressure and temperature conditions in the Earth's mantle, approximately 100 miles underground, typically dating back 1 to 3.5 billion years. Transported to the surface via deep-source volcanic eruptions called kimberlite pipes.

Predominantly used in jewelry (engagement rings, earrings, etc.) and industry for cutting, drilling, and grinding tools due to its unparalleled hardness.

Diamond is the hardest known natural material on Earth. The 'Princess Cut' shown in the image is a modern square cut that was created in the 1960s to maximize sparkle while retaining more of the rough diamond's weight.

Identify by its ability to scratch any other material and its high refractive index (brilliance/fire). Commonly found in cratonic regions of Russia, Botswana, Canada, and Australia. For collectors, use a thermal conductivity probe (diamond tester) to distinguish from Cubic Zirconia or Moissanite.