mineral
Earthy Hematite / Goethite Surface
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3 – α-FeO(OH))
Hardness: 5-6.5 (hematite) to 5-5.5 (goethite); Color: Reddish-brown to earthy red; Luster: Submetallic to dull; Structure: Hexagonal or Orthorhombic; Cleavage: None/Indistinct.
- Hardness
- 5-6
- Color
- Reddish-brown to earthy red
- Luster
- Submetallic to dull
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5-6.5 (hematite) to 5-5.5 (goethite); Color: Reddish-brown to earthy red; Luster: Submetallic to dull; Structure: Hexagonal or Orthorhombic; Cleavage: None/Indistinct.
Formation & geological history
Forms through the hydrothermal alteration of iron ores or as a secondary mineral through the weathering and oxidation of iron-rich rocks in soil horizons and iron-rich environments.
Uses & applications
Primary ore of iron; also used as a natural pigment (ochre) in paints, art, and cosmetics. Polished varieties are used in jewelry.
Geological facts
Iron oxides like hematite have been used by humans for over 40,000 years, notably in the Lascaux cave paintings. It often forms 'gossans' or iron hats over deeper ore deposits.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its characteristic reddish-brown streak on a porcelain plate and its high density. Common in weathered mining outcrops and iron-rich soils globally.
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