mineral

Galena

Lead(II) sulfide (PbS)

Hardness: 2.5–2.75 Mohs; Color: Lead gray to silver; Luster: Metallic; Crystal Structure: Isometric (cubic); Cleavage: Perfect cubic in three directions; Specific Gravity: 7.2–7.6

Hardness: 2
Color: Lead gray to silver
Luster: Metallic

Identified June 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 2.5–2.75 Mohs; Color: Lead gray to silver; Luster: Metallic; Crystal Structure: Isometric (cubic); Cleavage: Perfect cubic in three directions; Specific Gravity: 7.2–7.6

Formation & geological history

Formed as a primary mineral in hydrothermal veins, also found in contact metamorphic deposits and sedimentary rocks as replacement deposits. Often associated with sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite.

Uses & applications

Primary ore of lead; historically used for lead pipes, weights, and paint pigment. Currently used in lead-acid batteries, radiation shielding, and as a source of silver (since many specimens contain silver inclusions).

Geological facts

Galena is the most important ore mineral of lead. It has been used since ancient times; the Romans used it for plumbing, and ancient Egyptians used ground galena as kohl (eyeliner). It is a semiconductor and was used in early crystal radio receivers.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its exceptional heaviness (high specific gravity), metallic luster, and cubical cleavage. Found globally in sites like Joplin, Missouri (USA), Cornwall (UK), and Saxony (Germany). Caution is advised when handling due to lead content.