mineral

Hematite (Iron Ore)

Hematite (Fe2O3)

Hardness: 5.5-6.5; Color: Reddish brown to dark grey; Luster: Submetallic, dull, or earthy; Crystal structure: Trigonal; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 4.9-5.3

Hardness: 5
Color: Reddish brown to dark grey
Luster: Submetallic, dull, or earthy

Identified July 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 5.5-6.5; Color: Reddish brown to dark grey; Luster: Submetallic, dull, or earthy; Crystal structure: Trigonal; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 4.9-5.3

Formation & geological history

Formed as a primary mineral and as an alteration product in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Often found in banded iron formations (BIFs) formed by the oxygenation of early Earth oceans approximately 2.4 billion years ago.

Uses & applications

The world's most important ore of iron for steel production. Occasionally used as a pigment (red ochre), for polishing compounds (jeweller's rouge), and in gemstone bead making.

Geological facts

The name is derived from the Greek word for 'blood' (haima) because of its characteristic red streak and inner color when powdered. It is responsible for the red color on Mars.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by scratching it against an unglazed porcelain plate to see its diagnostic reddish-brown streak. It is often heavier than typical rocks of similar size due to its high iron content.