mineral
Iron Ore (Limonite and Hematite)
Goethite/Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O) and Hematite (Fe2O3)
Hardness: 4.0-5.5; Color: Yellow-brown to blackish; Luster: Dull, earthy to sub-metallic; Crystal Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.7-4.3
- Hardness
- 4
- Color
- Yellow-brown to blackish
- Luster
- Dull, earthy to sub-metallic
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Physical properties
Hardness: 4.0-5.5; Color: Yellow-brown to blackish; Luster: Dull, earthy to sub-metallic; Crystal Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.7-4.3
Formation & geological history
Formed primarily through the weathering and oxidation of iron-rich minerals in sedimentary deposits, or as a secondary mineral in the gossans of metallic ore deposits.
Uses & applications
Primary source of iron for steel manufacturing; used as a pigment (ochre) in paints, coatings, and concrete; occasionally used as a filler in drilling mud.
Geological facts
Limonite is not a true mineral but a mixture of hydrated iron oxide minerals. It was historically one of the most important sources of iron for early humans and used as a natural pigment since pre-history.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive yellow-brown to rusty streak and earthy appearance. Found globally in bog deposits, weathered iron-rich rocks, and mining tailings.
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