mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Hardness: 3.5-4.0 on Mohs scale. Color: Bright green, dark green, or blackish green. Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky. Crystal structure: Monoclinic, often found in botryoidal or fibrous masses. Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green, dark green, or blackish green
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky

Identified July 3, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, typically when carbonated water interacts with copper-bearing minerals. Common in karst environments where limestone acts as the carbonate source. Geological age varies by deposit location.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as an ornamental stone, in jewelry (cabochons and beads), and historically as a green pigment in paints. Also a minor ore of copper.

Geological facts

Malachite is famous for its distinct concentric banding or 'bull's eye' patterns. In ancient Egypt, it was used as eye makeup and for amulets. It is often found associated with Azurite.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its rich green color, banding, and relatively high density for a non-metallic looking mineral. It will react and effervesce with cold dilute hydrochloric acid. Major sources include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia, and Arizona, USA.