mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5-4.0 Mohs; Color: Bright green to dark green; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky; Crystal system: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific Gravity: 3.6-4.0. Often forms in botryoidal, fibrous, or stalactitic masses.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green to dark green
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky

Identified July 6, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. It occurs when carbonated water reacts with copper minerals. Common in arid environments alongside azurite and goethite.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as an ore of copper, as a decorative gemstone for jewelry, and historically as a green pigment in paints. It is highly valued as a collector's specimen.

Geological facts

Malachite was used by ancient Egyptians as early as 4000 BC for jewelry and ornaments. It is known for its concentric banding when polished, and it will effervesce (fizz) in contact with cold dilute hydrochloric acid.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive green color, association with copper deposits, and silky/fibrous texture. Major locations include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia (Ural Mountains), and Arizona, USA.