gemstone
Orange Sapphire
Corundum (Al2O3 with trace elements)
Hardness: 9 (Mohs scale); Color: Vivid orange/fire orange; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous; Crystal structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal; Specific gravity: 3.95-4.03.
- Hardness
- 9 (Mohs scale)
- Color
- Vivid orange/fire orange
- Luster
- Adamantine to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 9 (Mohs scale); Color: Vivid orange/fire orange; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous; Crystal structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal; Specific gravity: 3.95-4.03.
Formation & geological history
Formed in metamorphic environments like marble or schist, and igneous rocks like syenite. Often found in secondary alluvial deposits. Known in regions with volcanic activity like Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a high-value gemstone in fine jewelry (rings, pendants) and occasionally in industrial applications requiring high hardness.
Geological facts
Sapphires include all colors of the mineral Corundum except red (which is Ruby). The orange variety is often called 'fancy sapphire'; rare pinkish-orange ones are known as Padparadscha.
Field identification & locations
Identification requires testing for high refractive index and hardness. In the field, look for water-worn pebbles in riverbeds. Indonesia has localized deposits of corundum and volcanic-associated gems.
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