mineral

Raw Carnelian (Chalcedony)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Iron Oxide impurities

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (Microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red
Luster: waxy to vitreous

Identified June 19, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms through the accumulation of silica-rich fluids in volcanic cavities (vugs) or sedimentary environments. The red-orange color occurs when iron oxide (hematite) is present within the silica during formation.

Uses & applications

Extensively used in lapidary work for cabochons, beads, and carvings. Historically used for signet rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it. Used in spiritual and crystal healing practices.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian 'the setting sun' or 'The Sunset Stone' and believed it had protective qualities for the afterlife. It was also one of the stones in the High Priest's Breastplate mentioned in the Bible.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its characteristic waxy luster and translucent orange-red hue. It is often found as nodules in riverbeds or coastal areas. Major sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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