mineral

Raw turquoise (likely)

Turquoise — hydrated copper aluminum phosphate, CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Opaque blue-green, waxy to dull luster, commonly botryoidal or massive; Mohs hardness 5–6, triclinic crystal system, usually with little visible cleavage, and specific gravity about 2.6–2.9. The specimen appears pale turquoise with darker matrix or surface inclusions.

Identified August 31, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms as a secondary mineral in arid, copper-rich zones where phosphate-bearing groundwater alters aluminum-rich rock, typically in veins or nodules. Deposits are commonly Cenozoic to older, with age varying by locality.

Uses & applications

Used as a gemstone, cabochon, bead, carving material, and collector specimen; historically important in ornamentation and ceremonial objects. It is too soft and irregular for most construction uses.

Geological facts

Natural turquoise often shows brown or black limonite/host-rock matrix, while stabilized or dyed material is common in commerce. Color can range from sky blue to green depending largely on copper, iron, and zinc content.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its blue-green color, opaque waxy appearance, relatively low hardness, and lack of glassy crystal faces; avoid relying on color alone because dyed howlite and magnesite can imitate it. Major sources include Iran, the southwestern United States, Mexico, China, Chile, and Egypt.