Mineral (Native Element)

Graphite

Graphite (Chemical Formula: C)

Hardness: 1-2 on Mohs scale (very soft); Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; Luster: Metallic to earthy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: Perfect basal (flakes easily); Specific Gravity: 2.09 - 2.23

Hardness: 1-2 on Mohs scale (very soft)
Color: Iron-black to steel-gray
Luster: Metallic to earthy

Identified March 27, 2026More mineral (native element) →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the metamorphism of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks (like coal or organic shales). It can also occur in igneous rocks and meteorites. Most high-quality metamorphic graphite is of Precambrian to Paleozoic age.

Uses & applications

Extensively used as a 'dry' lubricant, the 'lead' in pencils, electrodes for batteries, brake linings, foundry facings, and in the production of graphene for high-tech electronics.

Geological facts

Graphite is a polymorph of Diamond; both consist of pure carbon, but their atoms are arranged differently, making graphite one of the softest minerals and diamond the hardest. It is named from the Greek word 'graphein,' meaning 'to write.'

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its extreme softness (can be scratched by a fingernail), greasy feel, and its ability to leave a black trace on paper or skin. Common locations include China, India, Brazil, and Canada (Quebec/Ontario). Collectors look for well-defined hexagonal crystal plates.

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