Sandstone (Quartzose)

Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Tan, brown, or buff; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Texture: Granular/Sand-like; Porous and gritty to the touch.

Formed through the accumulation and cementation of sand-sized mineral grains or rock fragments. These grains are typically deposited by water, wind, or ice in environments like beaches, deserts, or riverbeds. Over millions of years, pressure and mineral cements (like silica or calcium carbonate) turn the sand into solid rock.

Major construction material for buildings and floors; used for making grindstones to sharpen tools; glass manufacturing (quartz sandstones); a reservoir rock for oil, gas, and groundwater.

Sandstone makes up about 10-25% of all sedimentary rock on Earth. It is famous for forming spectacular landscapes in the American Southwest, such as Antelope Canyon and the arches in Arches National Park.

Identify in the field by its distinctive 'sandpaper' feel when rubbed; if bits of sand come off, it is likely sandstone. Found globally in ancient riverbeds, coastal areas, and deserts. Look for layering (bedding planes) in larger outcrops.