mineral
Turquoise
Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O
Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs); Color: Sky blue to blue-green; Luster: Waxy to subvitreous; Crystal Structure: Triclinic (usually massive); Cleavage: Perfect but rarely seen.
- Hardness
- 5-6 (Mohs)
- Color
- Sky blue to blue-green
- Luster
- Waxy to subvitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs); Color: Sky blue to blue-green; Luster: Waxy to subvitreous; Crystal Structure: Triclinic (usually massive); Cleavage: Perfect but rarely seen.
Formation & geological history
Secondary mineral formed in the oxidation zone of copper deposits. It is deposited by circulating waters in arid environments within volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons, beads, and inlay) and as an ornamental stone in many cultures.
Geological facts
One of the oldest known gemstones, it was heavily mined by the Ancient Egyptians since 3000 BC. In Navajo culture, it represents health and protection.
Field identification & locations
Look for copper-rich host rocks in arid regions like Arizona, Iran, or China. Can be identified by its color and solubility in hydrochloric acid (test with caution).
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Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)
Arenite (SiO2 based)
sedimentary
Schist
Schist
Metamorphic
Epidote
Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
metamorphic
Gypsum (variety Selenite or Alabaster)
Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Mineral
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Nephrite
Mineral/Rock
Granite
Granite (Phaneritic intrusive igneous rock)
igneous