mineral
Turquoise
Hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O
Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale), Color: Sky-blue to apple-green, Luster: Waxy to subvitreous, Crystal System: Triclinic, Cleavage: Perfect, Specific Gravity: 2.6-2.9
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale), Color: Sky-blue to apple-green, Luster: Waxy to subvitreous, Crystal System: Triclinic, Cleavage: Perfect, Specific Gravity: 2.6-2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed by the percolation of acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidation of pre-existing minerals; often found in arid climates within volcanic rocks or sedimentary layers.
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry-making (beads, cabochons, inlay) and as an ornamental stone in decorative arts.
Geological facts
Turquoise is one of the oldest gemstones in human history; it was used by the Ancient Egyptians since the First Dynasty and has deep spiritual significance in Native American cultures.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its unique 'robin's egg' blue color and often present black or brown vein patterns called 'matrix'. Commonly found in Iran, Southwestern USA, China, and Mexico. Use a streak test (white) or look for its waxy luster.
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Arenite (SiO2 based)
sedimentary
Schist
Schist
Metamorphic
Epidote
Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
metamorphic
Gypsum (variety Selenite or Alabaster)
Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Mineral
Nephrite Jade
Nephrite
Mineral/Rock
Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)
Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)
Metamorphic Rock