sedimentary

Sandstone

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Hardness: 6-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Brown, tan, red, or yellow; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (grainy texture); Cleavage: None (fractures around grains); Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8

Hardness: 6-7 on Mohs scale
Color: Brown, tan, red, or yellow
Luster: Dull or earthy

Identified January 13, 2026More sedimentary →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the accumulation and lithification of sand-sized mineral grains or rock fragments (usually quartz). This process involves compaction and cementation over millions of years, typically in desert, river, or coastal environments.

Uses & applications

Commonly used as a building material, paving stone, and in the manufacturing of glass and grindstones. In the petroleum industry, it serves as a critical reservoir rock for oil and natural gas.

Geological facts

Sandstone makes up about 20% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. The famous red rock formations of the American Southwest, such as those in the Grand Canyon and Zion National Park, are primarily composed of various sandstone layers.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its gritty, sandpaper-like feel when rubbed. It often displays visible layering (bedding). It is found globally in sedimentary basins, particularly in areas with ancient dried-up seabed or desert history.