mineral
Yellow Sapphire or Citrine
Al2O3 (Corundum) or SiO2 (Quartz)
Hardness 9 (Sapphire) or 7 (Citrine) on Mohs scale, yellow color, vitreous luster
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Physical properties
Hardness 9 (Sapphire) or 7 (Citrine) on Mohs scale, yellow color, vitreous luster
Formation & geological history
Formed in igneous or metamorphic rocks (Sapphire) or hydrothermal veins/pegmatites (Citrine)
Uses & applications
Used primarily in jewelry as a faceted gemstone
Geological facts
Yellow sapphires are highly valued in Vedic astrology. Citrine is the traditional birthstone for November.
Field identification & locations
Identified by hardness testing and refractive index. Commonly found in Sri Lanka, Madagascar (Sapphire) or Brazil (Citrine)
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Other mineral specimens
Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)
Arenite (SiO2 based)
sedimentary
Schist
Schist
Metamorphic
Epidote
Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
metamorphic
Gypsum (variety Selenite or Alabaster)
Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)
Mineral
Nephrite Jade
Nephrite
Mineral/Rock
Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)
Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)
Metamorphic Rock