Metamorphic Or Sedimentary Depending On Local Grade

Glauconitic Sandstone

Glauconitic Quartz Arenite

Raw Emerald

Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18 with Chromium/Vanadium impurities)

Moonstone (Green Moonstone / Garnierite)

Potassium Aluminum Silicate (KAlSi3O8) with inclusions of Garnierite

Smoky Quartz

Quartz (Silicon Dioxide) - SiO2

Citrine

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Jadeite Jade

NaAlSi2O6 (Sodium Aluminum Silicate)

Clear Quartz

Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Moonstone

Orthoclase (Potassium aluminum silicate - KAlSi3O8)

Sapphire Rough (Corundum)

Corundum (Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3)

Rutilated Quartz

Quartz (SiO2) with Rutile (TiO2) inclusions

Sodalite

Sodalite (Na4Al3Si3O12Cl)

Moonstone

Adularia (orthoclase feldspar variety)

Greenstone / Graywacke

Lithic Sandstone (Graywacke)

Sandstone

Sandstone (arenite is a more specific geological term for a clean sandstone, while wacke refers to a dirty sandstone with significant matrix)

Sandstone (likely Arkose or Lithic)

Clastic sedimentary rock (primarily SiO2)

Clear Calcite

Calcite (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Calcite

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Petrified Wood

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Calcified / Silicified Wood

Chert (specifically Jasper/Brown Chert)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Fossilized Bone (Petrified Bone)

Permineralized Vertebrate Remains

Ironstone Concretion / Limonite

Goethite and Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Chert (often associated with Jasper)

Microcrystalline or Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Red Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions

Red Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) inclusions

Chert (often called Flint when dark)

Microcrystalline or Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Chert (Flint)

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Banded Iron Formation (BIF) / Jasper

Banded Iron Formation (SiO2 with Fe2O3 and Fe3O4)

Calamites (Fossil)

Calamites sp. (Tracheophyta, Equisetopsida)

Rough Garnet (likely Almandine or Pyrope)

Garnet group; Almandine Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 or Pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3

Porcelain (Kaolin-based)

Alumina silicate ceramic (composed primarily of Kaolinite: Al2Si2O5(OH)4)

Schist

Mica Schist

Specularite (Specular Hematite)

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)

Labradorite (Feldspar)

Labradorite: (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)4O8

Ferruginous Quartzite (Red Quartzite)

Quartzite (primarily SiO2 with Fe2O3 inclusions)

Green Quartzite

Quartzite (SiO2)

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli (Aggregate primarily of Lazurite: (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl,1-2) with Calcite and Pyrite)

Lapis Lazuli

Na8[Al6Si6O24]n(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2 (Lazurite and other associated minerals)

Shungite

Non-crystalline carbon (Fullerenes / Carbon-60)

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite (Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2)

Porcelain (White Ceramic)

Mullite-bearing Vitrified Ceramic (Major phases: Mullite Al6Si2O13, Glassy Silica SiO2)

Quartzite (Yellow/Orange variety)

Quartzite (composed primarily of Silica, SiO2)

Lapis Lazuli (polished cabochon/sphere)

Na8[Al6Si6O24]Sn with accessory minerals (Pyrite, Calcite)