Mineral (Specifically A Mineraloid)

Quartz (Milky Quartz)

Quartz (SiO2 - Silicon Dioxide)

Hypersthene (or Enstatite/Ferrosilite)

Orthopyroxene series (Mg,Fe)SiO3 - specifically, historically hypersthene (intermediate member) now referred to as Enstatite (Mg-rich) or Ferrosilite (Fe-rich)

Mookaite Jasper

Siliceous (chert) sedimentary rock, a form of Jasper

Yellow Chalcedony (common opal or chert variant)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Tiger's Eye (specifically Blue/Golden mixed or Hawk's Eye)

Pseudomorph of Quartz after Crocidolite (SiO2)

Goldstone (Synthetic Aventurescence Glass)

Cuprous Aventurescent Glass (Silicon Dioxide with Copper inclusions)

Amethyst

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)

Diamond

Carbon (C), specifically a solid form of the element carbon with atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.

Cullet Glass (Strawberry Glass)

Amorphous Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with metallic dopants

Marble

Metamorphosed Limestone/Dolomite

BROWN GRANITE (likely 'Tan Brown' or similar)

Granite (specifically a variety rich in orthoclase feldspar, often with biotite and possibly hornblende)

Sunstone

Plagioclase Feldspar (specifically Oligoclase variety with hematite or goethite inclusions) Chemical Formula: (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)2Si2O8

Sunstone

Plagioclase Feldspar (specifically Oligoclase variety containing hematite or goethite inclusions)", composition: (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)2Si2O8

Tiger's Eye (specifically Blue Tiger's Eye / Falcon's Eye)

Pseudomorph of Quartz after Crocidolite (SiO2)

Tiger's Eye

Tiger's Eye (a variety of Quartz, SiO₂)

Mixed Chalcedony and Jasper Bracelet (possibly 'Ocean Jasper' or similar banded variety for brown beads, and blue/grey Chalcedony for the translucent beads)

Chalcedony (SiO2), Jasper (SiO2 with impurities)

Labradorite

Labradorite (a variety of Plagioclase Feldspar), Na(AlSi3O8) to Ca(Al2Si2O8)

Chert or Flint (polished/water-worn)

Chert (a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, SiO2). Flint is a specific variety of chert.

Quartz (likely) or a Quartzite Pebble

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) for quartz. If it's quartzite, it's a metamorphic rock primarily composed of quartz.

Green Aventurine (likely)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with fuchsitemica inclusions

Sapphire (likely blue synthetic sapphire or blue glass in a ring)

Corundum (Al₂O₃), specifically the blue variety due to trace amounts of iron and titanium impurities. If synthetic, it would still be Al₂O₃.

Jasper, possibly Brecciated Jasper or Ocean Jasper due to patterns and color

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), a variety of Chalcedony

Obsidian

Obsidian (volcanic glass)

Iron Ore / Ironstone Concretion

Mixture of iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, likely some combination of Hematite (Fe2O3), Goethite (α-FeOOH), and Limonite (a general term for hydrated iron oxides of variable composition) or potentially Bauxite (a mixture of aluminum hydroxides, often with iron oxides, (Al(OH)3) and FeO(OH)). The visual characteristics strongly suggest iron-rich material.

Chalcedony

Chalcedony (SiO₂)

Brown Jasper

Jasper (a cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Red Tiger's Eye beads

Tiger's Eye (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Druzy Quartz Geode (likely Smokey Quartz variety)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - specifically a geode formation lined with druzy quartz crystals, with a likely brownish hue indicating smokey quartz.

Red Coral

Corallium rubrum (for precious red coral), although other species like Corallium japonicum and Paracorallium are also used.

Banded Agate (likely Carnelian Agate or Sardonyx)

Agate is a common name for a microcrystalline variety of Quartz (SiO₂), specifically a form of Chalcedony.

Onyx Marble (also commonly called Onyx)

Calcite (CaCO3), often with other mineral impurities

Concretion or Geode (unbroken)

Varied (depending on mineral composition and cementing agent). For quartz-lined geodes, the scientific name of the dominant mineral would be Quartz (SiO2). For calcite-lined geodes, Calcite (CaCO3). Concretions are often composed of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert), calcite, or iron oxides.

Chert (Jasper or Flint variant)

Chert (composed of microcrystalline quartz, SiO2)

Ruby in Zoisite

Ruby (Corundum, Al2O3) in Zoisite (Calcium aluminum silicate hydroxide, Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH)) with some Hornblende

Moss Agate

Moss Agate (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO ₂)

River Cobble (likely Sandstone or Siltstone type)

Sandstone or Siltstone (common rock types that form river cobbles)

Weathered Volcanic Rock (possibly Rhyolite or Andesite Pebble)

Volcanic rock (e.g., Rhyolite or Andesite, specific identification would require thin section analysis or chemical assay). Mineral composition: Primarily feldspars (orthoclase and/or plagioclase), quartz (in rhyolite), micas, amphiboles, and sometimes pyroxenes.

Garnet (Red Garnet)

Garnet Group. The red varieties seen in jewelry are typically Almandine (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3), Pyrope (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3), or a mix of the two (pyrope-almandine series).

Agate (various color varieties)

SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)

Banded Jasper (possibly "Picture Jasper")

Jasper (a microcrystalline variety of Quartz / Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO ₂)

Pebble (likely a type of sandstone or quartzite pebble)

Clastic Sediment (specifically, a rudite-sized clast). If the pebble is composed of a specific rock type, its scientific name would be that rock type (e.g., 'Quartzite pebble', 'Granite pebble', 'Chert pebble'). Given its appearance, it is likely a metamorphic quartzite pebble or a hard sandstone pebble.