Mineral Based Composite

Basalt (Weathered Pebble)

Extrusive mafic igneous rock; minerals primarily Plagioclase feldspar and Pyroxene

Breccia

Clastic Breccia (General mineral composition depends on fragments, often SiO2 or CaCO3)

Beryl (Variety Mix)

Be3Al2(Si6O18)

Graphite

Graphite (Carbon, C)

Soapstone

Steatite (composed primarily of Talc: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)

Basalt

Basalt (Aphanitic Mafic Volcanic Rock)

Lapis Lazuli

Complex mixture of minerals, primarily Lazurite (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2

Mica Schist

Mica Schist (Composition typically includes Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 and Quartz SiO2)

Basalt (Vesicular)

Vesicular Basalt

Granite

Granite (Felsic Plutonic Rock)

Banded Metamorphic Rock (likely Quartzite or Serpentinite/Soapstone)

Metamorphic Rock (possibly a banded Quartzite or a foliated Serpentinite/Talc Schist based on appearance, general term for such a rock is 'Banded Metamorphic Rock' or 'Gneiss' if pronounced banding of different minerals)

Aquamarine with Sunstone

Aquamarine (Be3Al2Si6O18), Sunstone (Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)Si2O8

Mica (likely Muscovite)

Muscovite / KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Laterite

Laterite (no specific mineral formula as it's a rock type)

Muscovite Mica

Muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Granite

Granite (a plutonic igneous rock)

Green Apophyllite and Stilbite on Quartz Cluster

Apophyllite-(K) (KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH)·8H2O), Stilbite-Ca (NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O), Quartz (SiO2)

Limonite (Iron-rich Siltstone / Sandstone base)

Hydrous ferric oxide mixture (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Porphyry

Porphyritic Andesite/Basalt

Dendritic Agate (or Dendritic Opal)

SiO2 (for Agate), SiO2·nH2O (for Opal)

Diorite

Diorite (Intermediate intrusive igneous rock)

Jade

There are two distinct minerals commonly known as Jade: Nephrite (a calcium magnesium silicate - Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2) and Jadeite (a sodium aluminum silicate - NaAlSi2O6). Based on the image showing a typically softer, more fibrous appearance, it is likely Nephrite.

Mica Group Minerals

There isn't a single scientific name as 'Mica' refers to a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Common scientific names include Muscovite (KAl₂ (AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂), Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), Phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), and Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)₃(Al,Si,Rb)₄O₁₀(F,OH)₂).

Basalt

Extrusive Mafic Igneous Rock (composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene)

Iron Slag

Vitreous glassy waste (Fe-Si-Al-Ca compounds)

Sandstone

Sandstone (clastic sedimentary rock, composed predominantly of sand-sized minerals or rock fragments)

Titanium Coated Aura Quartz (Apple Aura Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Metallic Vapor Deposition Coating

K2 Jasper (Beads)

Granodiorite with Azurite and Malachite

Granite

Granite (a felsic intrusive igneous rock)

Basalt

Basalt (Igneous Volcanic Rock)

Stainless Steel Spoon

Iron-Chromium Alloy (Fe + Cr + Ni)

Fossilized Shark Tooth (Basal Bone)

Otodus sp. (Mineralized Hydroxyapatite)

Stiped Slate Beach Pebble

Low-grade Metamorphic Slate with Quartz Vein (SiO2 on Phyllosilicate base)

Fuchsite

Fuchsite (a variety of Muscovite mica, K(Al,Cr)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Drill Core Sample

Cylindrical Rock Core (Specific mineralogy varies by extraction site)

Quartz Druse (on Chalcedony/Agate base)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Quartz Druzy (on Calcedony/Quartz base)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Diorite

Diorite (intermediate intrusive igneous rock)

Pebble or Cobble (likely composed of sandstone or conglomerate)

Clastic Sedimentary Rock (specific name like sandstone, conglomerate, or breccia would require microscopic analysis of clast size and angularity)

Red Jasper

Jasper (Silicon Dioxide based crypto-crystalline Quartz with Iron inclusions)

Orbicular Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), variety of Chalcedony

Basalt

Basalt (Mafic volcanic rock)