Sedimentary (Secondary Formation)

Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂)

Mother of Pearl (Nacre)

Calcium Carbonate (primarily aragonite, with conchiolin)

Mica Group Minerals

There isn't a single scientific name as 'Mica' refers to a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Common scientific names include Muscovite (KAl₂ (AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂), Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), Phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), and Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)₃(Al,Si,Rb)₄O₁₀(F,OH)₂).

Included Quartz Beads (likely Phantom Quartz or Garden Quartz)

Quartz (SiO2) with various mineral inclusions

Metal Chain (Likely Steel or a Steel Alloy)

Steel (primarily iron and carbon); specific alloy unknown

Fluorite and Rose Quartz

Fluorite (CaF2), Rose Quartz (SiO2)

Calcite

Calcite (CaCO3)

Quartz (River Pebble)

Quartz (SiO₂ - Silicon Dioxide)

Gneiss

Gneiss (High-grade regional metamorphic rock)

Sandstone

Quartz Arenite (a common type of sandstone, given the appearance), Arkose, Greywacke (depending on mineralogy)

Sandstone

Arenite (general term for sandstone)

Concretion or Geode (unbroken)

Varied (depending on mineral composition and cementing agent). For quartz-lined geodes, the scientific name of the dominant mineral would be Quartz (SiO2). For calcite-lined geodes, Calcite (CaCO3). Concretions are often composed of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert), calcite, or iron oxides.

Carnelian (Chalcedony variety)

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)

Marble

Marble (metamorphosed limestone/dolostone). Predominantly composed of Calcite (CaCO3) for marble derived from limestone, or Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) for marble derived from dolostone.

Banded Metamorphic Rock (likely Quartzite or Serpentinite/Soapstone)

Metamorphic Rock (possibly a banded Quartzite or a foliated Serpentinite/Talc Schist based on appearance, general term for such a rock is 'Banded Metamorphic Rock' or 'Gneiss' if pronounced banding of different minerals)

Sodalite (blue beads) and Clear Quartz (clear beads)

Sodalite: Na4Al3Si3O12Cl; Quartz: SiO2

Banded Gneiss (Variety of Gneiss)

Gneiss (specifically, a variety exhibiting prominent banding; mineral composition can vary, but often contains quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphibole)

Marble

Marble (primarily Calcite, CaCO3 or Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2)

Banded Gneiss

Gneiss (pronounced "nice")

Banded Gneiss

Gneiss (typically quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole composition)

Yellow Chalcedony

Chalcedony (a cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO₂)

Peridot and Citrine Gemstones (in a ring setting)

Peridot (Olivine: (Mg,Fe)2SiO4), Citrine (Quartz: SiO2)

Pyrite

Pyrite (Iron sulfide, FeS₂)

Quartz (on matrix)

Quartz (Silicon Dioxide, SiO₂)

Banded Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

River Pebbles (Stream-rounded rocks)

Fluvial Detritus (varied mineralogy)

Bivalve Shell (Fossil or Contemporary)

Class Bivalvie (various genera and species of clams, cockles, etc.)

Goldfish Cracker (Culinary Mimic)

Cibus aurum (Commonly composed of Enriched Wheat Flour and Cheddar Cheese)

Veined Quartz

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)

Quartz

Quartz (SiO₂ - Silicon Dioxide)

Quartz (chalcedony variety) or Limestone with Quartz Veins

SiO2 (for Quartz/Chalcedony); CaCO3 (for Limestone)

Halite

Halite (NaCl)

Calcite (or Alabaster, if truly carved)

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Jasper and Aquamarine (likely)

Jasper (Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)), Aquamarine (Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18))

Red Jasper

Jasper (a variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Quartz (likely Yellow/Orange variety, possibly Citrine or Chalcedony with iron staining)

Quartz (SiO₂)

Brown Jasper (Likely)

Jasper (Cryptocrystalline Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Blue Quartzite

Quartzite (specifically a variety enriched with blue-coloring minerals)

Red Jasper (possibly)

Jasper (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Pebble or Cobble (likely composed of sandstone or conglomerate)

Clastic Sedimentary Rock (specific name like sandstone, conglomerate, or breccia would require microscopic analysis of clast size and angularity)

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

Gneiss (specifically a banded variety, likely a orthogneiss or paragneiss depending on parent rock)