Amethyst

Hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, purple to violet color, vitreous luster, hexagonal crystal system, conchoidal fracture with no true cleavage, and a specific gravity of 2.65.

Formed in hydrothermal veins and gas cavities (vugs) within basaltic volcanic rocks, often through the inclusion of trace iron and natural irradiation over millions of years.

Extensively used in jewelry, ornamental carvings, and as a popular specimen for crystal and mineral collectors.

Amethyst was once considered one of the cardinal gemstones alongside diamond, ruby, and sapphire until large deposits were discovered in Brazil. Its purple color comes from irradiation-induced color centers involving iron impurities.

Easily identified by its distinct purple coloration and quartz hardness that scratches glass. Commonly sourced from Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia, and parts of the United States.