igneous
Basalt Xenolith in Matrix
Basaltic Mafic Xenolith / Ultra-mafic Inclusion
Hardness 5.5 to 6.5 on Mohs scale, dull to sub-metallic luster, dark charcoal-black to dark grey inclusion surrounded by a lighter fine-grained matrix, fine-grained to microcrystalline structure with irregular geometry.
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Physical properties
Hardness 5.5 to 6.5 on Mohs scale, dull to sub-metallic luster, dark charcoal-black to dark grey inclusion surrounded by a lighter fine-grained matrix, fine-grained to microcrystalline structure with irregular geometry.
Formation & geological history
Formed when magma flowing towards the surface entrains fragments of pre-existing mantle or crustal rocks without completely melting them. As the surrounding magma cools and crystallizes rapidly, the xenolith becomes embedded within the host igneous rock.
Uses & applications
Geological research and study of mantle/crustal composition, educational reference specimens, display pieces for collectors.
Geological facts
Xenoliths act as natural drill cores, providing geologists with direct samples of the Earth's mantle and deep crust that are otherwise completely inaccessible.
Field identification & locations
Identified by a distinct, dark, angular or rounded dark fragment clearly contrasting against a lighter-colored host rock matrix. Commonly found in volcanic fields, basalt flows, and kimberlite pipes worldwide.
