igneous
Basalt
Extrusive mafic igneous rock
Hardness (Mohs): 6.0; Color: Dark grey to black; Luster: Dull to sub-metallic; Crystal Structure: Aphanitic (fine-grained) to porphyritic; Specific Gravity: 2.8–3.0
- Color
- Dark grey to black
- Luster
- Dull to sub-metallic
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Physical properties
Hardness (Mohs): 6.0; Color: Dark grey to black; Luster: Dull to sub-metallic; Crystal Structure: Aphanitic (fine-grained) to porphyritic; Specific Gravity: 2.8–3.0
Formation & geological history
Formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich lava at or very near the Earth's surface. Most basalt is found in oceanic crust and shield volcanoes.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in construction for road base, concrete aggregate, railroad ballast, and high-quality floor tiles or monuments.
Geological facts
Basalt is the most common rock type in the Earth's crust and covers most of the ocean floor. It is also found on the Moon and Mars.
Field identification & locations
Identifiable by its dark color, heavy weight (density), and fine-grained texture. It often shows vesiculation (small holes) or columnar jointing in the field.
