igneous
Basalt
Aphanitic Mafic Igneous Rock
Hardness: 6 (Mohs); Color: Dark grey to black; Luster: Dull to sub-metallic; Crystal structure: Aphanitic (fine-grained); Specific gravity: 2.8–3.0.
- Hardness
- 6 (Mohs)
- Color
- Dark grey to black
- Luster
- Dull to sub-metallic
Identified More igneous →
Explore Basalt in the encyclopedia →Identify your own rocks.
Get a report just like this from any photo, free.
Physical properties
Hardness: 6 (Mohs); Color: Dark grey to black; Luster: Dull to sub-metallic; Crystal structure: Aphanitic (fine-grained); Specific gravity: 2.8–3.0.
Formation & geological history
Formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich lava exposed at or very near the surface of a terrestrial planet or a moon. Most basalt flows on Earth were produced from volcanic eruptions.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in construction for road base, concrete aggregate, railroad ballast, and as a raw material for stone wool insulation. High-quality specimens are used in landscaping.
Geological facts
Basalt is the most common rock type in Earth's crust and makes up most of the ocean floor. It is also found on the Moon and Mars, covering vast areas known as lunar maria.
Field identification & locations
Identified in the field by its dark color, heavy weight (relative to size), and fine-grained texture. Commonly found in volcanic regions such as the Pacific Northwest or Hawaii.
