sedimentary
Bituminous Coal
Coal (Organically derived sedimentary rock)
Hardness: 1.5-2.5 on Mohs scale. Color: Jet black to dark brown. Luster: Vitreous to dull. Fracture: Blocky to conchoidal. Density: ~1.1-1.4 g/cm3.
- Hardness
- 1
- Color
- Jet black to dark brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to dull
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Physical properties
Hardness: 1.5-2.5 on Mohs scale. Color: Jet black to dark brown. Luster: Vitreous to dull. Fracture: Blocky to conchoidal. Density: ~1.1-1.4 g/cm3.
Formation & geological history
Formed from the accumulation and burial of plant debris in swampy wetland environments over tens to hundreds of millions of years (frequently Carboniferous period). Heat and pressure drive off water and gases, concentrating carbon.
Uses & applications
Primary source of energy generation (electricity production), production of coke for steelmaking, and various chemical byproducts.
Geological facts
Coal is classified by rank depending on carbon content and heat output, ranging from lignite (lowest) to anthracite (highest). Bituminous coal is the most abundant type mined worldwide.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its lightweight nature, black streak, low hardness, and blocky fracture lines. Commonly found in major coal basins in eastern and central North America, Europe, Australia, and China.
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