sedimentary
Carnelian Agate
Chalcedony (SiO2 with Iron Oxides)
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown to translucent; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange, reddish-brown to translucent
- Luster
- Waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown to translucent; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal
Formation & geological history
Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous or sedimentary rocks, specifically often in volcanic gas bubbles. Red color is due to iron impurities.
Uses & applications
Commonly used in jewelry, beads, seals, and carvings. Historically used for signet rings and amulets.
Geological facts
Ancient Egyptians called carnelian the 'setting sun.' It was one of the twelve stones in the Breastplate of Aaron. It’s a variety of chalcedony that owes its color to hematite.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent waxy luster and warm orange hue. Often found as rounded pebbles in riverbeds or gravel pits in areas with volcanic history.
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