mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Iron Oxide inclusions
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange to peach-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- reddish-orange to peach-brown
- Luster
- waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange to peach-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Formed in low-temperature silica-rich environments, typically within cavities of volcanic igneous rocks or sedimentary pebble deposits over millions of years.
Uses & applications
Used primarily for lapidary work, cabochons, tumbled decorative stones, gemstone jewelry, and spiritual or healing crystal collections.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry making for over 4,500 years; ancient Romans used carnelian signet rings to seal wax documents because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its warm translucent reddish-orange hue, rounded pebble appearance from erosion, smooth texture, and hardness that scratches glass. Found abundantly in riverbeds, gravel deposits, and volcanic zones worldwide.
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