mineral
Carnelian / Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Chalcedony variety
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: translucent brownish-red to orange-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Cleavage: none (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- translucent brownish-red to orange-brown
- Luster
- waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: translucent brownish-red to orange-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Cleavage: none (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed through precipitation of microcrystalline silica within volcanic cavities or sedimentary rocks at relatively low temperatures.
Uses & applications
Used in gemstone lapidary, tumbled stones, jewelry making, and cabochon carving.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry for over 4,500 years, highly valued by Ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks for signet rings and amulets.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its waxy luster, smooth conchoidal fracture, translucency under strong light, and orange-brownish color. Commonly found along riverbeds, beaches, and gravel beds globally.
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