mineral
Carnelian Agate
Chalcedony (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; translucent brownish-orange to reddish-orange color; waxy to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline trigonal structure; Conchoidal fracture with no cleavage; Specific gravity ~2.6.
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Physical properties
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; translucent brownish-orange to reddish-orange color; waxy to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline trigonal structure; Conchoidal fracture with no cleavage; Specific gravity ~2.6.
Formation & geological history
Formed through low-temperature deposition of silica-rich solutions filling cavities or vesicles within volcanic rocks (basalts and andesites) or sedimentary formations.
Uses & applications
Popular for lapidary work, jewelry, beads, polished tumbled stones, carved amulets, and decorative collectibles.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry for over 4,000 years. Ancient Romans used carnelian signet rings to seal wax documents because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its microcrystalline texture, translucent brownish-red hue, waxy finish, and hardness (cannot be scratched by steel). Commonly found in river gravels, volcanic terranes, and beach pebbles worldwide.
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