gemstone
Carnelian (orange chalcedony)
Chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂), colored mainly by iron oxides
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness 6.5–7; translucent orange-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no cleavage, conchoidal fracture; specific gravity about 2.6.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 6.5–7; translucent orange-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no cleavage, conchoidal fracture; specific gravity about 2.6.
Formation & geological history
Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures, with iron producing the orange-red color; deposits range from ancient volcanic-hosted veins to younger alluvial gravels.
Uses & applications
Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, seals, and ornamental objects. Rough common material has modest value; translucent, intensely colored pieces are more desirable.
Geological facts
The specimen appears naturally rough and fractured rather than highly polished; pale cloudy zones and conchoidal surfaces are typical of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its orange-brown translucency, waxy luster, hardness, and lack of visible quartz crystals; common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States. A scratch test should be avoided on valued material.
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