mineral
Carnelian (Tumbled Quartz/Chalcedony Pebble)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7; orange to reddish-orange hue with translucent waxy luster; microcrystalline hexagonal structure with conchoidal fracture.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7; orange to reddish-orange hue with translucent waxy luster; microcrystalline hexagonal structure with conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Forms when silica-rich fluids deposit in cavities of volcanic rocks, acquiring its orange coloration from iron oxide impurities like hematite during precipitation.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in lapidary work, jewelry, pocket stones, decorative crafts, and mineral collections.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used for ornamental purposes for over 4,500 years; ancient Romans used carnelian signet rings to seal wax documents as hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Can be identified by its distinctive translucent orange-red glow, waxy luster, smooth water-worn or tumbled texture, and resistance to scratching steel. Commonly found in riverbeds, gravel bars, and volcanic terrains.
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