mineral
Carnelian (Yellow-Orange Chalcedony)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; translucent to sub-translucent; waxy to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline quartz structure; no cleavage; shell-like conchoidal fracture.
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Physical properties
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; translucent to sub-translucent; waxy to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline quartz structure; no cleavage; shell-like conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Formed at low temperatures through the deposition of silica-rich fluids in cavities and veins of volcanic or sedimentary rocks. Iron impurities give it its characteristic warm yellow-orange hue.
Uses & applications
Popular for lapidary work, wire-wrapped jewelry, bead making, tumbling, and decorative gemstone carving.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry making for over 4,000 years, dating back to ancient Egypt and Sumeria, where it was believed to bring good luck and vitality to the wearer.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic waxy surface, smooth polished texture when tumbled, warm translucent yellow to reddish-orange color, and lack of distinct macro-crystal faces. Commonly found along river beds, gravel deposits, and volcanic basalt terrains worldwide (e.g., Oregon, USA, Brazil, India, Madagascar).
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