mineral
Carnelian
SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) with Ferric Oxide inclusions
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microcrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Reddish-orange, brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
Identified More mineral →
Explore Carnelian in the encyclopedia →Identify your own rocks.
Get a report just like this from any photo, free.
Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microcrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic cavities and sedimentary rocks at low temperatures when silica-rich fluids deposit microcrystalline quartz. Found in modern deposits and ancient volcanic basalt flows globally.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry, lapidary arts for cabochon cutting, and as a meditative or collector stone.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in amulets. Napoleon Bonaparte famously wore a carnelian seal found during his Egyptian campaign.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent waxy luster and brownish-red hue. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.
