mineral

Carnelian

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) with Ferric Oxide inclusions

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microcrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 13, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (microcrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic cavities and sedimentary rocks at low temperatures when silica-rich fluids deposit microcrystalline quartz. Found in modern deposits and ancient volcanic basalt flows globally.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry, lapidary arts for cabochon cutting, and as a meditative or collector stone.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in amulets. Napoleon Bonaparte famously wore a carnelian seal found during his Egyptian campaign.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent waxy luster and brownish-red hue. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.