mineral
Carnelian
Silicon Dioxide (Chalcedony variety), SiO2
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline quartz). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline quartz). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.
Formation & geological history
Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal environments, volcanic cavities, and sedimentary rocks where silica-rich groundwater deposits microcrystalline quartz over millions of years.
Uses & applications
Commonly used in tumbled stones, cabochons for jewelry, signet rings, carvings, and as a popular collectible mineral specimen.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry and seals since ancient times, notably in ancient Rome, Greece, and Egypt, where it was often associated with royalty and courage.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive translucent orange-to-red color and waxy luster. Commonly found worldwide including in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the United States.
