mineral

Carnelian

Silicon Dioxide (Chalcedony variety), SiO2

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline quartz). Cleavage: None. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified August 7, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal environments, volcanic cavities, and sedimentary rocks where silica-rich groundwater deposits microcrystalline quartz over millions of years.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in tumbled stones, cabochons for jewelry, signet rings, carvings, and as a popular collectible mineral specimen.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used in jewelry and seals since ancient times, notably in ancient Rome, Greece, and Egypt, where it was often associated with royalty and courage.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive translucent orange-to-red color and waxy luster. Commonly found worldwide including in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the United States.