mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.59-2.61.

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified July 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.59-2.61.

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic cavities or sedimentary rocks through the deposition of silica-rich fluids. The orange color is caused by iron oxide impurities (hematite). Many specimens are found as water-worn pebbles in riverbeds.

Uses & applications

Used extensively in jewelry for cabochons and beads, as well as for decorative carvings, seals, and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian is one of the oldest known gemstones, used by Ancient Egyptians in amulets to represent the sun and by Romans for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive translucency and waxy reddish-orange color. Unlike Jasper, carnelian is translucent. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States (Washington/Oregon).