mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Red-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary environments. Iron oxide impurities provide the distinct red-orange hue. Its geological age varies by source location.
Uses & applications
Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (beads, cabochons, intaglios), decorative carvings, and as a popular specimen for crystal collectors and beginners.
Geological facts
In ancient times, carnelian was believed to protect the wearer from bad luck and anger. It was widely used in ancient Rome and Egypt for signet rings and amulets because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its translucency and uniform reddish-orange color without the distinct banding seen in agate. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors often find them in riverbeds or gravel deposits.
