mineral
Carnelian
Silicon dioxide with iron oxide impurities (Chalcedony), SiO2
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness of 6.5-7, translucent orange to reddish-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, microcrystalline quartz structure.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, translucent orange to reddish-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, microcrystalline quartz structure.
Formation & geological history
Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal environments or groundwater solutions depositing silica within cavities of volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry, beads, cabochons, and ornamental carvings.
Geological facts
Historically prized by ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks for signet rings and amulets due to wax not sticking to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinct reddish-orange hue, conchoidal fracture, and ability to scratch glass; found globally including India, Brazil, and the US.
