mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange, red, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, red, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 20, 2026More mineral →

Explore Carnelian in the encyclopedia →

Identify your own rocks.

Get a report just like this from any photo, free.

App Store Google Play

Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange, red, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Found in sedimentary rocks but forms primarily in volcanic cavities or from groundwater depositing silica over millions of years. The color is caused by iron oxide (limonite or hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Used extensively in jewelry (beads, cabochons, signet rings), carved figurines, and decorative polished spheres. Historically used for wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian the 'setting sun' and believed it had protective properties. It was one of the stones in the High Priest's Breastplate mentioned in the Bible.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange hue and waxy luster. In the field, look for river-worn nodules with a dull exterior but bright interior when fractured. Common in Brazil, India, and Uruguay.