mineral
Carnelian
Silicon Dioxide (Chalcedony variety), SiO2
Hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, reddish-orange to brown-red in color, vitreous to waxy luster, microcrystalline (cryptocrystalline) quartz structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64.
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Physical properties
Hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, reddish-orange to brown-red in color, vitreous to waxy luster, microcrystalline (cryptocrystalline) quartz structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64.
Formation & geological history
Forms in low-temperature environments, typically as a secondary mineral filling cavities in volcanic rocks and lavas through the deposition of silica from groundwater rich in iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry such as rings, necklaces, and cabochons, as well as for carving intaglios and cameos due to its toughness and ability to take a high polish.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been prized since ancient times, notably used in ancient Egypt as amulets for the afterlife and in Roman times for sealing wax stamps because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive translucent reddish-orange color and waxy luster. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States.
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