mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orangey-red to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangey-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic cavities or sedimentary environments as silica-rich water deposits cryptocrystalline quartz. The color is derived from iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used for semi-precious jewelry, beads, seals, and lapidary art. Historically used for signet rings and amulets.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly valued in ancient Egypt as the 'setting sun' and was believed to protect the wearer in the afterlife. It is the translucent variety of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic warm orange-red glow when backlit; it lacks the banding seen in Agate. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Madagascar, and Uruguay.
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