anthropogenic (human-made) sedimentary-like material
Concrete with Aggregate
Composite construction material; primary matrix is Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H)
Hardness: 3-7 Mohs (variable by aggregate); Color: Grey, tan, or speckled; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Structure: Granular/Clastic; Cleavage: None (conchoidal to irregular fracture)
- Hardness
- 3-7 Mohs (variable by aggregate)
- Color
- Grey, tan, or speckled
- Luster
- Dull/Earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3-7 Mohs (variable by aggregate); Color: Grey, tan, or speckled; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Structure: Granular/Clastic; Cleavage: None (conchoidal to irregular fracture)
Formation & geological history
Formed through the hydration reaction of Portland cement mixed with water, sand, and gravel. It is a modern material, though historical versions date back to the Roman Empire.
Uses & applications
Primary use in global infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, sidewalks, and roads. Also used for decorative masonry and sculpture.
Geological facts
Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in existence. The small blue-green fragment visible in the specimen is likely a stray piece of glass or a decorative 'exposed aggregate' mineral like slag or amazonite.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its uniform grey matrix binding together various rounded or angular pebbles. Commonly found in urban environments. Not a geological specimen for collection.
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