sedimentary (anthropogenic / man-made)
Concrete
Anthropogenic Sedimentary Rock (Hydrated Calcium Silicate)
Hardness: variable (3-7 Mohs depending on aggregate); Color: typically light to medium grey; Luster: matte/dull; Crystal structure: amorphous paste matrix surrounding crystalline mineral aggregates; Cleavage: none; Specific gravity: approx. 2.4
- Hardness
- variable (3-7 Mohs depending on aggregate)
- Color
- typically light to medium grey
- Luster
- matte/dull
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Physical properties
Hardness: variable (3-7 Mohs depending on aggregate); Color: typically light to medium grey; Luster: matte/dull; Crystal structure: amorphous paste matrix surrounding crystalline mineral aggregates; Cleavage: none; Specific gravity: approx. 2.4
Formation & geological history
Formed through a chemical hydration process when Portland cement is mixed with water, sand, and stone aggregates. While composed of natural minerals, it is a human-made composite material often referred to as 'artificial stone.'
Uses & applications
Primary building material globally; used for sidewalks, foundations, structural columns, bridges, and decorative furniture. Highly valued for high compressive strength.
Geological facts
Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in existence. The Ancient Romans used a form of concrete including volcanic ash (pozzolana) that has lasted over 2,000 years in the Pantheon dome.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its uniform grey color, visible round or crushed stone inclusions (aggregate), and texture often featuring brush marks or form-work imprints. Commonly found in urban environments and construction sites.
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