mineral

Graphite

Graphite (Carbon, C)

Hardness: 1-2 (Mohs); Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; Luster: Metallic to earthy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: Perfect basal; Specific Gravity: 2.09–2.23; Streak: Black; Greasy feel.

Hardness: 1-2 (Mohs)
Color: Iron-black to steel-gray
Luster: Metallic to earthy

Identified July 20, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 1-2 (Mohs); Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; Luster: Metallic to earthy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: Perfect basal; Specific Gravity: 2.09–2.23; Streak: Black; Greasy feel.

Formation & geological history

Formed through the metamorphism of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks such as coal, oil shales, or limestone. It occurs in regional metamorphic environments where organic matter is subjected to high heat and pressure.

Uses & applications

Used widely in industry as a dry lubricant, in pencil lead (mixed with clay), as electrodes in batteries, in steelmaking, and for high-temperature crucibles.

Geological facts

Graphite is one of the two naturally occurring crystalline forms of pure carbon, the other being diamond. Despite having the same chemical composition, their structures are different (allotropes), making graphite one of the softest minerals and diamond the hardest.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its extreme softness (can be scratched by a fingernail), greasy feel, and its ability to leave a dark mark on paper. Commonly found in metamorphic belts in China, India, Brazil, and Canada.