mineral
Graphite
Graphite (Carbon, C)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 1-2 (Mohs); Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; Luster: Metallic to earthy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: Perfect basal; Specific Gravity: 2.09–2.23; Streak: Black; Greasy feel.
- Hardness
- 1-2 (Mohs)
- Color
- Iron-black to steel-gray
- Luster
- Metallic to earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 1-2 (Mohs); Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; Luster: Metallic to earthy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal; Cleavage: Perfect basal; Specific Gravity: 2.09–2.23; Streak: Black; Greasy feel.
Formation & geological history
Formed through the metamorphism of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks such as coal, oil shales, or limestone. It occurs in regional metamorphic environments where organic matter is subjected to high heat and pressure.
Uses & applications
Used widely in industry as a dry lubricant, in pencil lead (mixed with clay), as electrodes in batteries, in steelmaking, and for high-temperature crucibles.
Geological facts
Graphite is one of the two naturally occurring crystalline forms of pure carbon, the other being diamond. Despite having the same chemical composition, their structures are different (allotropes), making graphite one of the softest minerals and diamond the hardest.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its extreme softness (can be scratched by a fingernail), greasy feel, and its ability to leave a dark mark on paper. Commonly found in metamorphic belts in China, India, Brazil, and Canada.
