Jasper

Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale, red color due to iron inclusions, waxy to dull luster, cryptocrystalline quartz structure, no cleavage, specific gravity 2.5-2.9.

Formed from silica-rich fluids that percolate through rocks and deposit microcrystalline quartz. The red color comes from iron oxide (hematite) inclusions. Jasper can form in a variety of geological settings.

Used as a gemstone, for carving, ornamental items, and in lapidary arts. Historically used for seals and intaglios.

Red jasper has been used since antiquity for ornaments and jewelry. The name means 'spotted or speckled stone' in Old French, though red jasper is often solid in color.

Identified by its opaque nature, red color, and hardness (scratches glass). Commonly found worldwide, with notable deposits in the US, India, and Egypt.